The current financial crisis
The public have a common understanding that the subprime mortgage crisis has leaded to a far more serious consequence, so called 'the financial crisis' recently. To be exact, It has been going on for seven months. But how will that be happened? This is the question. The subprime load crisis is relatively simple to understand. People bought homes they couldn't afford, and now they are falling behind on their home loans. This has caused the loss of related financial institutions.
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However, the amount of loss is not the major cause of the financial crisis. US government has already announced to take over Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and AIG, and have injected the capital over that amount into the market. Besides, the majority of homeowners are still doing just fine. The conventional mortgage market is still healthy. So, how is it that a mess concentrated in one part of the mortgage business: the subprime loans, has frozen up the whole credit markets in United States? How would that crisis caused such a big impact to the stock market, causing the collapse of Bear Sterns, Lehman brothers, etc, and left the economy on the brink of the worst recession in a generation and forced the Federal Reserve to take its boldest action since the Depression in 1923?
In order to have a big picture of this incident, I think this could be explained in this way. First of all, behind the whole financial crisis, there are actually 3 major components: the subprime mortgage, Leverage (or gearing), and the Credit Default Swap(CDS). We have mentioned about subprime mortgage before. So, what is leverage? In the finance industry, leverage is a common way to use in such a way to magnify the outcome of the investments. This can be done by various financial instruments such as options, futures, margin or borrowed capital, to increase the potential return of an investment.
At present, many investment banks use leverage to operate more then 20 times of their capital. For example, if bank A have an asset of 5 billion, then 30 times of leverage means that bank A can operate 150 billions of money, in which most are borrowed. It is obvious, if there is 5% of profit in the investment, then bank A has a profit of 7.5 billion. However, on the other hand, if there is 5% loss in the investment, then bank A loss all it's 5 billion of asset, and still owe the lender 2.5 billion.
The third component is CDS. What is CDS? As explained above, the operation of leverage is very risky. So some bankers think of a way to take insurance on these leverage. This insurance is called CDS. It is a specific kind of agreement which allows the transfer of third party credit risk from one party to the other. One party in the swap is a lender and faces credit risk from a third party, and the counterparty in the credit default swap agrees to insure this risk in exchange of regular periodic payments. For example, Peter borrows $100 from John. John wants to get insurance on this $100 debt in case Peter was unable to return the money. The John goes to Jane and asked for Jane to insurance that debt. Jane agrees to do so if John is willing to pay her an insurance fee of $5 per year. That is exactly the most simplified scenario of CDS.
Now, apply that in the world of banks. Recall the example of 'bank A'. Bank A operates a leverage of 30 times. To reduce the risk, it goes to bank B and asked for bank B to do CDS insurance. After analysis the market data, bank B knows that the breach of contract case is less than 1%. Therefore, bank B is willing to take that insurance to earn the insurance fee. However, this is not the end of the story. Although bank B agree to accept the insurance, it can not have the insurance fee immediately. At the same time, some other banks such as bank C, bank D, etc. are interested to these CDS contracts. So bank B is willing to re-sell them to other banks to have the cash immediately. This is the scenario. The CDS contracts being sell and re-sell continuously among different financial sectors. In the mean time,
the market value of the CDS has reached 62 trillion.
However, you may see that, all the banks A, B, C, etc are making money. So, where is the money comes from? The money comes from the revenue generated by the subprime mortgage business. So why the honey moon period can continue in the previous few years? It is because the real estate prices keep rising in the previous few years. In that period, home owners and buy and re-sell the real estates easily, who can earn good money at the same time. It just likes snowball or bubble. The market keeps rocking until 2006. When the downturns came, the prices of the real estates dropped. People who are lack of financial ability was unable to pay the high interests of those subprime loans. In that case, the subprime mortgage market started collapsing, which in turn affecting the CDS market. Banks and financial institutions who are involved in those products is unavoidably being affected. In fact, nearly all I-banks and most of the commercial banks are involved in this storm, or more appropriates, the tsunami.
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